This topic provides two high-level views of the architecture of Direct3D:
The graphics pipeline provides the horsepower to efficiently process and render Direct3D scenes to a display, taking advantage of available hardware. The following diagram shows the building blocks of the pipeline:
Diagram of the Direct3D graphics pipeline
| Pipeline Component | Description | Related Topics |
|---|---|---|
| Vertex Data | Untransformed model vertices are stored in vertex memory buffers. | Vertex Buffers (Direct3D 9), IDirect3DVertexBuffer9 |
| Primitive Data | Geometric primitives, including points, lines, triangles, and polygons, are referenced in the vertex data with index buffers. | Index Buffers (Direct3D 9), IDirect3DIndexBuffer9, Primitives, Higher-Order Primitives (Direct3D 9) |
| Tessellation | The tesselator unit converts higher-order primitives, displacement maps, and mesh patches to vertex locations and stores those locations in vertex buffers. | Tessellation (Direct3D 9) |
| Vertex Processing | Direct3D transformations are applied to vertices stored in the vertex buffer. | Vertex Pipeline (Direct3D 9) |
| Geometry Processing | Clipping, back face culling, attribute evaluation, and rasterization are applied to the transformed vertices. | Pixel Pipeline (Direct3D 9) |
| Textured Surface | Texture coordinates for Direct3D surfaces are supplied to Direct3D through the IDirect3DTexture9 interface. | Direct3D Textures (Direct3D 9), IDirect3DTexture9 |
| Texture Sampler | Texture level-of-detail filtering is applied to input texture values. | Direct3D Textures (Direct3D 9) |
| Pixel Processing | Pixel shader operations use geometry data to modify input vertex and texture data, yielding output pixel color values. | Pixel Pipeline (Direct3D 9) |
| Pixel Rendering | Final rendering processes modify pixel color values with alpha, depth, or stencil testing, or by applying alpha blending or fog. All resulting pixel values are presented to the output display. | Pixel Pipeline (Direct3D 9) |
The following diagram shows the relationships between a Window application, Direct3D,GDI, and the hardware:
Diagram of the relationship between Direct3D and other system components
Direct3D exposes a device-independent interface to an application. Direct3D applications can exist alongsideGDI applications, and both have access to the computer's graphics hardware through the device driver for the graphics card. UnlikeGDI, Direct3D can take advantage of hardware features by creating a hal device.
A hal device provides hardware acceleration to graphics pipeline functions, based upon the feature set supported by the graphics card. Direct3D methods are provided to retrieve device display capabilities at run time. (See GetDeviceCaps and GetDeviceCaps.) If a capability is not provided by the hardware, the hal does not report it as a hardware capability.
For more information about hal and reference devices supported by Direct3D, see Device Types (Direct3D 9).
OpenGL Pipeline has a series of processing stages in order. Two graphical information, vertex-based data and pixel-based data, are processed through the pipeline, combined together then written into the frame buffer. Notice that OpenGL can send the processed data back to your application. (See the grey colour lines)
Display list is a group of OpenGL commands that have been stored (compiled) for later execution. All data, geometry (vertex) and pixel data, can be stored in a display list. It may improve performance since commands and data are cached in a display list. When OpenGL program runs on the network, you can reduce data transmission over the network by using display list. Since display lists are part of server state and reside on the server machine, the client machine needs to send commands and data only once to server's display list. (See more details in Display List.)
Each vertex and normal coordinates are transformed by GL_MODELVIEW matrix (from object coordinates to eye coordinates). Also, if lighting is enabled, the lighting calculation per vertex is performed using the transformed vertex and normal data. This lighting calculation updates new color of the vertex. (See more details in Transformation)
After vertex operation, the primitives (point, line, and polygon) are transformed once again by projection matrix then clipped by viewing volume clipping planes; from eye coordinates to clip coordinates. After that, perspective division by w occurs and viewport transform is applied in order to map 3D scene to window space coordinates. Last thing to do in Primitive Assembly is culling test if culling is enabled.
After the pixels from client's memory are unpacked(read), the data are performed scaling, bias, mapping and clamping. These operations are called Pixel Transfer Operation. The transferred data are either stored in texture memory or rasterized directly to fragments.
Texture images are loaded into texture memory to be applied onto geometric objects.
Rasterization is the conversion of both geometric and pixel data into fragment. Fragments are a rectangular array containing color, depth, line width, point size and antialiasing calculations (GL_POINT_SMOOTH, GL_LINE_SMOOTH, GL_POLYGON_SMOOTH). If shading mode is GL_FILL, then the interior pixels (area) of polygon will be filled at this stage. Each fragment corresponds to a pixel in the frame buffer.
It is the last process to convert fragments to pixels onto frame buffer. The first process in this stage is texel generation; A texture element is generated from texture memory and it is applied to the each fragment. Then fog calculations are applied. After that, there are several fragment tests follow in order; Scissor Test ⇒ Alpha Test ⇒ Stencil Test ⇒ Depth Test.
Finally, blending, dithering, logical operation and masking by bitmask are performed and actual pixel data are stored in frame buffer.
OpenGL can return most of current states and information through glGet*() and glIsEnabled() commands. Further more, you can read a rectangular area of pixel data from frame buffer using glReadPixels(), and get fully transformed vertex data using glRenderMode(GL_FEEDBACK). glCopyPixels() does not return pixel data to the specified system memory, but copy them back to the another frame buffer, for example, from front buffer to back buffer.
GAGLEのexclusive！iPhone 4ネタでラップ。
GAGLEのexclusive！iPhone 4 이야기로 랩.
Produced by DJ MiTSU THE BEATS。
ようやくお目見え これ手に飛び込もうぜ未来へ
드디어 눈에 보여. 이걸 손에 들고 뛰어들자 미래로.
様子見してる輩放っといて さっそくiPhone 4G Get!
사려고 망설이는 사람들은 무시하고, 바로 iPhone 4G Get!
長らく待たされた また２年間プラン伸ばされた
오래 기다렸었지. 또 2년간 약정이 늘어났지.
だけど3Gと比べりゃ天と地 使い心地 調子いいぜ
하지만, 3G와 비교하면 하늘과 땅. 사용감, 상태도 좋아.
変える暮らし ドットが見えないほど シャープなグラフィックス
달라진 생활. 점이 보이지 않을 정도로 샤프한 그래픽.
あがる性能 君と話そう たとえ周りがうるさくても
높아진 성능. 너랑 이야기하자. 주변이 시끄럽더라도.
ビデオはHD LED FLASH 綺麗な景色
비디오는 HD. LED FLASH 깨끗한 배경 .
画期的に編集 すぐさま仲間や彼女にSMS
획기적인 편집. 곧바로 동료랑 여친에게 SMS.
だけど気をつけろ カバーがなきゃすぐ
하지만 조심해. 커버가 없으면 바로
落としちゃいそうなくらいツルツルbodyさ
떨어트릴 것 같을 정도로 반들반들한 Body니까.
心配なら もう一台 いっとく？
걱정되면 한대 더 사둘까?
iPhone for G.A.G.L.E
ショップで渡されたその場から起動
매장에서 건내받아, 그 자리에서 기동.
使い方は 常に自分流 カスタムし同期
사용법은 항상 내 스타일로. 등록을 마치고 동기화.
同時代を共有 触ればわかるはず
동시대를 공유, 만져보면 알거야.
指先がマウス となり繋いでいく
손가락 끝이 마우스. 주위를 연결해 나가.
ながら作業 マルチタスク
동시 작업. 멀티태스킹.
機械音痴でも直感で使えるインターフェイス
기계치라도 직감으로 사용할 수 있는 인터페이스.
FACE TIMEとか 感知が鋭いジャイロスコープ
Face Time이라던가, 감지(感知)가 예민한 자이로스코프.
悩まされたあの文字打ちも
골치아픈 그 글자쓰기도,
いまじゃサクサクで調子いいぞ
지금은 바삭바삭해서 좋지.
さあアプリ dig it! 掘れば掘るほど便利
자, 어플 dig It! 파면 팔수록 편리.
幅広がるから 摩訶不思議
광범위하니까 너무 신기해.
毎日タイムセール 狙いつけておくべき
매일 타임세일, 그 때를 노려야 해.
ぶっちぎり まちがいなく 君が一人勝ち
틀림없이 너가 큰 차이로 단독 승리.
できることなら国産がいい！
가능하다면 국산이 좋아.
けど今の状態じゃ当分無理
하지만, 지금 상태로는 당분간 무리
君に首ったけ ステンレスジャック
너에게 반해버렸어 스텐레스 잭
イヤホン差してMUSIC聴き 街に出る
이어폰을 꼽고 MUSIC을 들으며 거리로 나가야지.
みずからもアップデートしてこう IOS4!
스스로 업데이트하자 IOS4!